The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. It is free to users and available in English and over 30 other languages. Depression in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their informal caregivers. 2001 Sep 16(9):606-13. The results of the PHQ-9 may be used to make a depression diagnosis according to DSM-IVcriteria and takes less than 3 minutes to complete. The PHQ-2 inquires about the frequency of depressed mood, with a score ranging from 0 to 6. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Search, apply or sign up for job alerts at Volunteers of America Talent Network PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE-9 (PHQ-9) Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems? ... (PHQ-9) for screening depression. [9] It also is used in studies involving patients with physical disabilities as well as older adults, students, and adolescents. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB; The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.J Gen Intern Med. 2009; 114(1-3):163-73. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) measures severity of depression symptoms. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a new instrument for making criteria‐based diagnoses of depressive and other mental disorders commonly encountered in primary care. 2001;16(9):606-613. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(11), 1596-1602. The absence of the ninth question has little effect on scoring between the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9. It has modules on mood (PHQ-9), anxiety, alcohol, eating, and somatoform disorders. Results from these interviews showed that individuals who scored high (≥ 10) on the PHQ-9 were between 7 to 13.6 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression by the mental health professional. existence of past manic/hypomanic episode, bereavement, other mental disorder, effects of a medication or illness). Reliability and validity of the tool have indicated it has sound psychometric properties. [6] The PHQ-9 can be used to diagnose Major Depressive Syndrome, but Major Depressive Disorder must be diagnosed using additional clinical information (e.g. 2. The PHQ-9: A new depression and diagnostic severity measure. 3. Psychologists as Direct Service Clinicians and Consultants, Variations for Practice with Culturally Diverse Groups, © 2021 American Psychological Association. The PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) objectifies and assesses degree of depression severity via questionnaire. The PHQ-9 is the 9-question depression scale of PHQ. [10], The PHQ-15 is the 15-question scale from the PHQ that asks about 15 symptoms relating to somatoform disorders. The results of the PHQ-9 may be used to make a depression diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria and takes less than 3 minutes to complete. (2002). 2004;81:61-66. This is not intended to provide a diagnosis – only trained health professionals should do this. The questions on the PHQ-15 account for 90% of all symptoms that providers observe in the primary care setting[10] Patients must rate how certain symptoms bothered them over the last month. These questions were designed to help healthcare professionals identify signs or symptoms of depression. A clinical interview must be given to determine the presence and type of anxiety. On the other hand, individuals scoring low (≤ 4) on the PHQ-9 had a less than a 1 in 25 chance of having depression (Kroenke et al, 2001). A study involving two different patient populations produced Cronbach alphas of .86 and .89. 10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y. Though, you can also take it on your own. Factor structure of the PHQ-9 was assessed by … Its purpose is not to establish final diagnosis or to monitor depression severity, but rather to screen for depression. J-PHQ-9 is suitable as a clinical tool of screening and monitoring for MDD in primary care in Japan. [10], The GAD-7 is a 7-question anxiety screening instrument developed in 2006. Major Depressive Syndrome if #2a or b and five or more of #2a-i are at least ―More than half the days‖ (count #2i if present at all) . [7], Clinicians may also use the PHQ-9 to evaluate treatments given for depression. The 10th question is not factored into the final score and clinicians may use it to gauge the patient’s opinion of the level of impairment caused by their mental health. This is an unprecedented time. J Med Food. Questions are about the level of interest in doing things, feeling down or depressed, difficulty with sleeping, energy levels, eating habits, self-perception, ability to concentrate, speed of functioning and thoughts of suicide. If there are poor responses to treatment, immediately refer the patient to a mental health specialist for counseling. 2008 Jan 58(546):32-6. doi: 10.3399/bjgp08X263794. Like the PHQ-9, scores range from 0 to 27 with scores of 5, 10, and 15 indicating mild, moderate, and severe anxiety. 1. Response items are summed (range 0-27) with higher scores indicating the respondent is experiencing more symptoms of depression. The PHQ-2 has been validated in 3 studies in which it showed wide variability in sensitivity (Gilbody, Richards, Brealey, and Hweitt, 2007). [15] Researchers generally use the PHQ-8 because timing and resource restraints may leave researchers unable to intervene with study participants that indicate suicidal thoughts. J Gen Intern Med. What do Psychologists Need to Know to Help Family Caregivers? The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used as a screening and diagnostic tool for mental health disorders of depression, anxiety, alcohol, eating, and somatoform disorders. J Affect Disord. PHQ-9 is a 9-item measure using a four-point Likert scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day). According to DSM-5, Major Depressive Disorder is likely if 5 or more of the 9 symptoms are present for “most of the day, nearly every day" in the past 2 weeks and one of the symptoms is depressed mood or little interest or pleasure in doing things (questions 1 and 2 on the PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 (DEP-9 in some sources )is a 9-question instrument given to patients in a primary care setting to screen for the presence and severity of depression. Results. Nondepressed subjects were matched 1:1 by site of enrollment to depressed subjects. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. Listed below are PHQ-9 totals, the levels of depression that they relate to, and suggested treatment for each level of depression:[5], A provisional diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder can be made by using responses to PHQ-9 questions to fulfill the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5. Factor structure of the PHQ-9 was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in two sub-samples (n = 27,778 and 27,777 respectively). Structure of the Spanish version of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) has been inconclusive. Kroenke K, Spitzer R L, Williams J B (2001). It is the 9-question depression scale from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The total of all 9 responses from the PHQ-9 aims to predict the presence and severity of depression. A total score that is greater than 3 indicates that a clinician should administer the full GAD-7 and conduct a clinical interview to assess the presence and type of anxiety disorder. Razykov I, Ziegelstein RC, Whooley MA, Thombs BD. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. Construct validity of the J-PHQ-9 as a measure of depression severity was assessed by examining functional status over various intervals using the SF-8 with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Löwe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Gräfe K. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: Sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The use of the PHQ-4 was first published in 2009, reporting a … The Veterans Administration, Department of Defense, and Kaiser Permanente adopted the PHQ-9 as a standard measure for depression screening. Its items are drawn from the first two items of the 'Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 scale' (GAD–7) and the 'Patient Health Questionnaire-8' (PHQ-8). [2] Dr. Robert J. Spitzer, Dr. Janet B.W. What is the PHQ 9? Subjects were patients enrolled in the National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke-funded AIM (Activate, Initiate treatment, Monitor) PSD study. Badr, H., Federman, A. D., Wolf, M., Revenson, T. A., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2016). A change of PHQ-9 score to less than 10 is considered a “partial response” to treatment and a change of PHQ-9 score to less than 5 is considered to be “remission.” [5], Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams conducted validity and reliability tests on the PHQ-9 in 2001. The PHQ-9 versus the PHQ-8--is item 9 useful for assessing suicide risk in coronary artery disease patients? [8], The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence endorsed the PHQ-9 for measuring depression severity and responsiveness to treatment in a primary care setting. : a diagnostic meta-analysis RC, Whooley MA, Thombs BD care providers frequently use PHQ-9! The Spanish version of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ-9 ) has been to... 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